Tuesday, 24 June 2025

FUNCTION, DIFFERENTIATION, APPLICATION OF DER, MATRIX, DETERMINANTS, COMPOUND INT, ANNUITY, UNIVERIATE DATA, BIVERTIA DATA, INDEX NUMBER, TIME SERIES

FUNCTION

1) If f(x)= (x²- 5x +6)/ (x²- 8x +12) show that f(2) is not defined and also find f(-5).       8/11

2) If f(x)=eᵃˣ⁺ᵇ,. show that eᵇ. f(x + y)= f(x).f(y).

3) If f(x)= |x| - |-x|. Where  |x| is the greatest integer not exceeding x, find the value of f(3.5) and f(-3.5).    0.5,7.5

4) Find the domain of definition of the function 5/√{(x +1)(x -3)}.     - ∞<x <-1 and 3<x < ∞

5) If f(x)= |x| - 2x, find f(-1), f(1).     3,-1

6) If f(x)= (ax - b)/(bx - a), show that f(a). f(1/a) - f(b) f(1/b)= 0.

7) Show that the function f(x, y)= (5x²- 7y²)/3y² is a homogeneous function.

8) If f(x)= (eˣ -1)/(eˣ +1) and f(a)= (1+ f(x))/(1- f(x)), then show that f(x + a)= f(x). f(a)

9) If f(x)= (1+ eˣ)/(1- eˣ) , then show that f(x) is an odd function.

10) If f(x)=x²- x, then show that f(h +1)= f(-h)

11) If f(x)= (ax + b)/(bx + a) show that f(x). f(1/x)= 1

12) If y= f(x)= (x + 1)/(x + 2), find f(y) and f{f(1/x)}.      (2x+3)/(3x +5), (2+ 3x)/(3+ 5x)

13) If f(x)= (x -1)/(x +1), then show that {f(a) - f(b)}/(1+ f(a)f(b))= (a - b)/(1+ ab)

14) If f(x)= (2x +1)/(2x²+1) , g(x)= 2f(2x), then find g(24).     22/51

15) If f(x +3)= 3x²- 2x +5, find f(x -1).   3x²- 26x +61

16) Find {f(x+ h) - f(x)} when f(x)= (1- x)/(1+ x).

17) A function is defined as follows 
f(x) = x when x > 0, = - x when x=0 obtain lim ₕ→₀₊ (f(h) - f(0))/h and lim ₕ→₀₋ f(h) - f(0)/h
What can you say about the derivative of f(x) at x=0.        The function does not exist.

18) Find the domain of definition of the following function:
a) (x +2)/√(x²- x -2).       ∞ ≤ x < -1, 2≤ x < ∞

b) (4x -5)/√(x²- 7x +12).       -∞ ≤ x < 3, 4≤ x < ∞

c) log((x²- 5x +6).            x> 3, x> 2 or -∞ ≤ x < 2, 3≤ x < ∞

d) (x²- -5x +6)/(x²- 8x +12).       Domain of the function is all values of x except 6.

19) Find the range of the function 2x/(4 + x²) where x is real     -1/2 ≤ y < 0, 0≤ y ≤ 1/2

20) If y= f(x)= (ax + b)/(CX + a), then show that f(y)= x.

21) If x is real, Find the range of the function x/(1+ x²).   -1/2≤ y ≤1/2

22) If f(x)= (ax - b)/(bx - a), show that f(a) - f(b)f(1/b)= 0





LIMITS 

1) im ₓ→₁ (x²- 2x +3)/(x +4).     2/5

2) lim ₓ→₀ (x²+ x -12)/(x -3).      7

3) lim ₓ→₃ (x²- 9)/(x -3).      6

4) lim ₓ→₂ (x²+ x -6)/(x²- x -2).   5/3

5) lim ₓ→ₐ (√x - √a)/(x - a).       1/2√a

6) lim ₓ→ₐ (x¹⁾³ - a¹⁾³)/(x - a).    1/3³√a²

7)  lim ₓ→∞(1- √x)/(1+ √x).       -1

8) lim ₓ→₋₄ [1/(x +4)  + 1/(x²-4)].    Does not exist 

9) lim ₓ→₂ (2x²- 7x +6)/(3x² -7x +2).    1/5

10)  lim ₓ→ₐ {√(2x +a) - √(x + 2a)}/(x - a).    1/2√3 a

11) lim ₓ→₂ (x²+ x -6)/(x²- x -2).    5/3

12) lim ₓ→₀ {√(a+ x) - √a}/x.       1/2√a

13) If lim ₓ→₂ (ax²- b)/(x -2)= 4, find the values of a and b.     1,4

14) lim ₓ→₁(x²+ 5x -6)/(x²- 3x +2).    -7

15) lim ₓ→₂ {√(x +7) -3}/(x -2).    1/6

16) lim ₓ→₀ {√(1+ 2x) - √(1- 3x)}/x.   5/2

17) lim ₓ→₃ (x²+ x - 12)/(x -3).    7

18) lim ₓ→₀ {√(x + h - √x}/h.    1/2√x

19) lim ₕ→₀ {f(1+ h) - f(1)}/h when f(x)= 1/x

20) lim ₓ→₃ (x -3)/{√(x -2) - √(4- x)}.    1

21) lim ₓ→₂(x²- 5x +6)/(x²- 3x +2).   -1

22) lim ₓ→ ₋ ₁ (2x² - x -3)/(x²- 2x -3).   5/4

23) lim ₓ→₀ {√(1+ x) -.√(1- x)}/x.     1

24) lim ₓ→₁ (x²- 1)/{√(3x -1) -.√(5x -1)}.   -4

25) lim ₓ→₁(x² -3x +2)/(x²- 4x +3).    1/2

26) lim ₓ→₋₁(2x²- x -3)/(x²- 2x -3).    -1

27) lim ₓ→₀ (eᵃˣ - eᵇˣ)/x.      (a- b)

28) lim ₓ→ₐ (3x⁴+ 2x²+ 1)/(x⁴+ 2x²+1).   3

29) lim ₓ→₁ (x²+ 4x -5)/(x -1).      6

30) Lim ₓ→₃ (x -3)/{√(x -2) - √(4- x)}.    1

31)  lim ₓ→∞ (4x²- 3x +2)/(5x⁴+ 2x²+3).      0

32)  lim ₓ→₀ x/{√(1+ x) - √(1- x)}..      1

33) lim ₓ→∞ (3x³ + 2x -1)/(4x³+ 3x²-2) .     3/4

34) lim ₕ→₀ {f(2+ h) - f(2)}/h where f(x)= 2x²- x +1.      7

35) lim ₓ→₂₅ {(√x -5)(x +1)}/(x²- 24x -25).       1/10

36) lim ₓ→∞ (3h⁴- 2h² +1)/(h⁴- 2h²+3).       3

37) lim ᵧ→₀ (1/y) {√(1+ 2y) - √(1- 2y)}.       2

38)  lim ₓ→₀ {(√1+ x²) - √(1+ x)}/{√(1+ x³) - √(1+ x)}.     1

39) lim ₓ→₅ (x³-125)/(x⁴- 625).       3/20

40) lim ₓ→∞ (x² + 3x +2)/(x³ + x -4).     0

41) lim ₓ→₀ {√(x²+ a) - √(a - x²)}/x².      1/√a

41) lim ₓ→₃ (x² + x -12)/(x²+2x - 15).     7/8

42) lim ₓ→₀ {√(1+2x) - √(1- 3x)}/x.       5/2

43) lim ₓ→∞ (5x²- 3x +7)/(3x²+ x +4).      5/3

44) lim ₓ→₋₄ [1/(x +4) + 8/(x²-4)].   Does not exist 

45) lim ₓ→₂ (2x²- 7x +6)/(3x²- 7x +2).     1/5

46) lim ₓ→₀ {f(x +h) - f(x)}/h, where f(x)= 1/√x. (x > 0).     -1/2√x³

47) lim ₓ→∞ (15x⁷ + 12x +17)/(5x⁷+ 9x²+12).     3

48) lim ₓ→₀  {√(a+ x) - √a}/2x.        1/4√a

49) lim ₓ→∞ (3x²- 4x +6)/(x²+ 6x -7).     3

50) limₓ→₀ (e³ˣ - e²ˣ + 2x)/x.     3

51)  lim ₓ→₀ (14ˣ - 7ˣ - 2ˣ  +1)/x².     Logₑ7 logₑ2

52) lim ₕ→₀ {f(2+ h) - f(2)}/h, where f(x)= 2x²- 7x +1.       1

53) lim ₓ→₀ ∈ ∞ lim ₓ→ₐ lim ₙ→∞

54) lim ₓ→₃ {x - √(x-a)(x -b)/(x²+2x - 15).         (b + a)/2

55) lim ₓ→₃ (√x - √3)/(x²- 9).          1/12√3

56) lim ₓ→∞{1/(1+ n) + 1/(2+ n) + 1/3- n) + ....+ 1/2n}.       0





CONTINUITY 

1) f(x)= (x²- 9)/(x -3). When x≠ 3. State the value of f(3) so that f(x) is continuous at x=3.

2) Find f(2) so that f(x)= (x²- 4)/(x -2) may be continuous at x=2.

3) For what value of f(3), f(x)= (x²-9)/(x -3) will be continuous at x= 3 ?

4) Draw the graph of f(x)= x²/x and g(x)= x. Rough sketches only are to be given. From the graphs so drawn state which of the two functions is not continuous? What is the point of discontinuty ? Indicate the point of discontinuty of the function (2x²+ 6x -5)/(12x²+ x -20).

5) Sketch the graph of f(x)= |x|/x . From the graph, examine continuity of f(x) at x=0.

6) Sketch the graph of f(x)= |x|. From the graph, examine continuity of f(x) at x=0.

7) Sketch the graph of f(x)= 1 for x ≥ 0
                                            = -1 for x ≤ 0
From the graph discuss whether lim ₓ→₀ f(x) exist or not 

8) A function f(x) is defined as follows 
f(x)= 3+ 2x for -3/2≤ x < 0
      = 3- 2x for 0≤ x < 3/2
      = -3 - 2x for x ≥ 3/2
Show that f(x) is continuous at x=0 and discontinuous at x= 3/2.

9) Sketch the graph of 
f(x)= 2x +1 when x≥ 1
      = 2x -1 when x < 1
From the graph examine whether f(x) is continuous at x= 1 or not 

10) Draw the graph of the following function 
f(x)= 1 when x > 0
      = 0 when x = 0
      = -1 when x < 0
Examine the continuity of f(x) at x=0 from the graph.

11) Sketch the graph of 
f(x)= 3x +1 when x ≥ 1
      = 3x -1 when x < 1
From the graph examine whether f(x) is continuous at x= 1 or not 

12) f(x)= (x²-9)/(x -3), when x≠ 3. State value of f(3) so that f(x) is continuous at x= 3.

13) Sketch the graph of the function 
f(x)= - x when x ≤ 0
      = x when 0< x.
From the graph examine the continuity of f(x) at x= 0.         Con

14) Sketch the graph of the function
 f(x)= 3+ 2x when x ≤ 0
          3 -2x when x> 0
From the graph examine the continuity of f(x) at x=0.     C

15) Sketch the graph of the function defined by 
f(x)= x -1 when x> 0
      = 1/2 when x =0
      = x +1 when x< 0
From the graph examine continuity of f(x) at x = 0.      D

16) Draw the graph of the following function 
f(x)= 2x -1.  0≤ x ≤ 4
      = 2- x²    -4< x < 0
State from the graph whether f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

17) Draw a rough sketch of the function f(x)= x/|x| and discuss its continuity at x=0.     D

18) Examine the continuity of the function defined by 
f(x)= x -1 when x> 0
          =1/2 when x= 0
        = x +1 when x < 0

19) A function f(x) is defined as follows:
f(x)= |x -3|/(x -3), if x ≠3
      =.   1               if x= 3
Discuss the continuity of f(x) at x = 3.    D

20) Given f(x)= (x²-4)/(x -2), if x≠ 2. Find the value of f(2) and show that  f(x) is continuous at x = 2.

21) Discuss continuity of f(x) at x = -2, where 
f(x)= {x + (x +2)/|x +2|, if x≠ -2
     = -1, x = -2.                          C

22) Examine the continuity of the function 
f(x)= 2- 3x when x > 0
      = 2       when x = 0
      = 2+ 3x when x< 0 at x = 0.      C

23) If f(x)= (6- 4x)/(1+ 2x + 2x²), find f(0). Is the function continuous at x= 0 ?     Y



DIFFERENTIATION 


Find the first principle the derivative of 

1) 1/x³.       -2/x³

2) x²- 2x.             2x - 2

3) √x at x = 4.        1/4

4) 2x³+ 3.             6x²

5) 3x³ + 7.       9x²

6) 5x²+ 2.         10x

7) x³+ 4 at x = 1.       3

8) Evaluate lim ₕ→₀ {f(x+ h) - f(x)}/h where f(x)= 2x²+ 3x - 4.      4x +3

9) (x -1)³ at x=1.        0

10) x³.        3x²

11) (3- 5x)¹⁾².      (-15/2)+ √(3- 5x)

12) 2ˣ logx.           2ˣ(1+ x logx log2)/x.

13) 


DIFFERENTIATE

1) y= ₑax²+ bx + c.       (2ax + b)ₑax²+ bx + c.

2) x/(eˣ -1).        (eˣ(1- x) -1)/(eˣ - 1)².

3) 2ˣ. x⁵ .        2ˣx⁴(5+ x log 2)

4) (x² - 3x -5)¹⁾².      (3(2x -3)√(x²- 3x -5))/2

5) (2- 5x)¹⁾².        (15/2) √(2- 5x).

6) x⁵⁾² logx.            x³⁾²(1+ (5/2) logx)

7) If y= x/√(1- x²) then show that (1- x²) dy/dx = y/x.

8) x= at², y= 2at..        1/t

9) x²+ y²= 2a².         -x/y

10) 3⁴ˣ + 3/³√x.         3⁴ˣ. 4 logè - 1/³√x⁴

11) (5- 4x)/(5+ 4x).      -40/(5+ 4x)²

12) log(x + √(x²+ a²)).            1/√(x²+ a²)

13) If xᵐ yⁿ = (x + y)ᵐ⁺ⁿ show that dy/dx = y/x.

14) x². 5³ˣ.       x. 3³ˣ(2+ 3x log5)

15) (x²- 2x -3)/(x - 1).     (x²- 2x +5)/(x - 1)²

16)  xʸ. yˣ= 1.     -(y + x logy)y/(y logx + x)x

17) (x²+1)/(x -1).       (x²- 2x - )/(x - 1)²

18) xˣ.     (1+ log x)xˣ

19) xʸ + y = 1.        yxʸ⁻¹/(1+ xʸ log x)

20) 10ˣ. x¹⁰.         10ˣ. x⁹(x log 10 + 10)

21) x²/a² + y²/b² = 1.     - b²x/a²y

22) xʸ + xy = 8.      -y(1+ xʸ⁻¹)/x(xʸ⁻¹ log x +1)

23) xˣ + x².       xˣ + xˣ log x + 2x

24) √(x²+ a²).       x/√(x²+ a²)

25) (x²+ 1)eˣ.        eˣ(x +1)²

26) (1+ x)ˣ.          x(1+ x)ˣ⁻¹ + (1+ x)ˣ log(1+ x)

27) x³+ 3x²y + y³ = a³.         -(x²+ 2xy)/(x²+ y²)

28) 3x²- x²y + 2y³= 0.         (2xy - 6x)/(6y²- x²)

29) 7²ˣ+ 2ˣ.     7²ˣ2 log 7 + 2ˣ log 2.

30) x= y log(x²y²).      (x - 2y)/(2(log xy +1).

31) y= xˣ.        (1+ logx)xˣ

32) x³+ y³= 3axy.       (ay - x²)/y²- ax)

33) x²/a²+ 2xy/h + y²/b²= 1.       -(a²y + hx)b²/(b²x + hy)a².

34) x= ct, y= c/t.        - 1/t²

35)  eˣʸ = 4(1+ xy) and eˣʸ ≠ 4 then show dy/dx = -y/x.

36) xʸ = yˣ.       (x logy - y)y/(y logx - x)x.

37) y=√{(1+ x)/(1- x)}.       1/{(1- x)√(1- x²)}

38) x= t/(1+ t), y= t/(1- t).       {(1+ t)/(1- t)}²

39) x⁴ₑ3x².       2x³(2+ 3x²)ₑ3x²

40) 3x²+ 2xy - y²= 4.        -(y + 3x)/(x - y)

41) aˣ + xʸ = 4.        -(aˣ log a + yxʸ⁻¹)/(xʸ logx)

42) xˣ +2.      (1+ logx)xˣ + 2ˣ log

43) x= log(xy).       (x - y)/x(1+ log(xy))

44) x= ct³, y= c/t².         -1/t⁶

45) s= t¹⁻ᵗ + t⅖ find ds/dt.       t¹⁻ᵗ{(1- t)/t   logt)} + 2t

46)  (eˣ +1)y= eˣ -1.     e(1- y)/(eˣ +1)

47) y= (xˣ)ˣ.                   ₓxˣ⁺¹(1+ 2 logx)

48) yˣ = eˣ.        (1/e  - logy)y/e

49) x= √(1+ t); y= √(1- t) at t= 1/2.        - √{(1+ t)/(1- t)}

50) xy = eˣ⁻ʸ show that dy/dx = logx/(1+ logx)²

51) log{√(x - a) + √(x - b)}.     1/2√{(x - a)(x - b)}

52) x⁴+ x²y²+ y⁴= 0.      -x(2x² + y²)/y(x²+ 2y²)

53) y= (1+ 2x)ˣ .        (1+ 2x)ˣ .{2x/(1+ 2x) + log(1+ 2x}

54) y= log(ax²+ bx + c).     (2ax + b)/(ax²+ bx + c).

55) x= 1/(1+ t), y= 1/(1- t).           {(1+ t)/(1- t)}²

56) y= xˣ+ log(3x²+ 4x+ 5).         xˣ(1+ logx). (6x+4)/(3x²+ 4x +5)

57) x= 3at/(1+ t³), y= 3at²/(1+ t³).      (2t - t⁴)/(1- 2t³)

58) y= x²/(a²- x²) at x=1.        2a²/(a²- 1)²

59) y= e²ᵐˣ + e⁻²ᵐˣ show that d²y/dx²- 4m²y =0

60) ₓxˣ.          ₓxˣ{xʸ/x + log xˣ(1+ logx)}

61) x²ᵖ yᑫ = (x + y)²ᵖ⁺ᑫ.       y/x

62) x= 2at/(1+ t)², y= (1- t²)/(1+ t²).         -2t/a(1- t²)

63) xˣ + ₑax²+ bx + c.          xˣ(1+ logx) + ₑax²+ bx + c(2ax + b)

64)  If y= (x + √(1+ x²))ᵐ, show that (1+ x²)y₂ + xy₁ - m²y=0

65) If y= (x -2)/(x +2), show that 2x dy/dx = 1- y².

66) If yˣ = eʸ⁻ˣ, show that dy/dx = (logₑy)²/logy.

67) Given x= t + 1/t and y= t - 1/t, find value of d²y/dx⅖ at the point t=20.         

68) If x³- 2x²y²+ 5x + y -5=0, then find d²y/dx² at x= 1 , y= 1

69) If f(x)= {(a + x)/(b + x)}ˣ + 2x, show that f'(0)= 2 + log(a/b).

70) If x⁴ + x³y³+ y⁴= 0

71) f(x)= {(a+ x)/(b+ x)}ᵃ⁺ᵇ⁺²ˣ show that f'0)= (2 log(a/b) + (b²- a²)/ab)(a/b)ᵃ⁺ᵇ



EULER'S THEOREM 

1) State Euler's theorem for homogeneous function of 2 variables of degree 'n'.    






MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM 

1) Find maximum and minimum values of the function y= x³- 3x -1.      3,-1

2) Find the maximum or minimum point of the function y= 5- x - x²

3) Show that the maximum value of the function 2x + 1/2x is less then its minimum value.       

4) Examine x³- 9x²+ 24x -12 of maximum and minimum values of x³- 9x²+ 24x -12.

5) Show that the function f(x)= 12 -24x - 15x²- 2x³ has a maximum at x= -1, minimum at x= -4 and point of inflexion at x= 5/2.

6) Show that the the maximum value of x³+ 1/x³ is less than its minimum value.

6) Find the maximum and minimum values of y= x/{(x -1)(x -4)}.      -2

7) Determine whether the following 2x³/3 - 6x²+ 20x - 5 has a maximum or a minimum.

8) Show that maximum value of f(x)= x +1/x is less than its minimum value.

9) Examine whether the curve y -3 = 6(x - 2)⁵ has a point of inflexion at (2,3).

10) Show that maximum value of 2x + 1/x is less than its minimum value.

11) Find the point of inflexion of the curve y+ 5= x³- 3x²+ 9x.

12) Find the maximum and minimum value of the function 2x³- 15x²+ 36x.     28,27

13) Divide the number 20 in two parts in such a way that their product will be maximum.   10,10

14) If x+y= 2, show that the maximum value of (4/x + 36/y is less than its minimum value.


APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES (COMMERCE)

1) A firm produces x tons of a valuable metal per month at a total cost c given by:
C= Rs (x³/3 - 5x² + 75x +10).
Find at what level of output the marginal cost attains its minimum.     5

2) A firm produces x units of output per week at a total cost of Rs (x³/2 - x² + 5x +3).
Find at what level of output the marginal cost and the average variable cost attains their respective minima.        2/3

3) A radio manufacturer finds that he can sell x radios per week at Rs p each where p= 2(100 - x/4). His cost of production of x radios per week is Rs (120x + x²/2). Show that his profit is maximum when the production is 40 radios per week. Find also his maximum profit per week.     40, Rs1600

4) A radio manufacturerproduces  x sets per week at total cost of Rs x²+ 78x + 2500. He is monopolist and the demand function for his product is x= (600- p)/3 when the price is Rs p per set. Show that the maximum net revenue (profit) is obtained when 29 sets are produced per week. What is the monopoly price?       Rs405

5) A manufacturer can sell x items per month at a price p= 300 -2x rupees. Manufacturer's cost of production y rupees of x items is given by y= 2x + 1000. Find the number of items to be produced per month to yield the maximum profit.     75

6) The cost of manufacturing a certain article is given by the formula C= 5+ 48/(x + 3x²) where x is the number of articles manufactured. Find the minimum value of C.      41

7) The total cost function C for producing x units of an article per day is given by C= Rs (400 -16x + x²). Find the average cost function and the level of output at which their function is minimum.      20 

8) If the cost function for x units is given by C= Rs (400- 15x - x²) obtain the 
a) average cost 
b) average variable cost.     400/x - 16 - x, (-6- x)

9) The total cost C, of making x units of a product is C= axⁿ + b, where a,b,n are positive constants. Find marginal cost and marginal average cost.     naxⁿ⁻¹, axⁿ⁻¹ + b/x, a(n -1)xⁿ⁻² - b/x²



INTEGRATION 

1) ∫ x/(x +1) dx.       x - log(x +1)

2) ∫ √x(x½+ 3x +4)dx.      (2/7) √x⁷ + (6/7) √x⁵+ (8/3) √x

3) ∫ (x²+ 1)²/x³ dx.      x²/2 + 2 logx - (1/2x²)

4) ∫ 3dx/(x²-1).       (3/2) Log{x -1)/(x +1)

5) ∫ √{(x +1)/(x -1)} dx.       √(x²-1) + log|x + √(x²-1)|

6) ∫ x²/³√(3x +5) dx.      (1/8) ³√(3x +5)⁸ - 2 ³√(3x +5)⁵ + (25/2) ³√(3x +5)²

7) ∫ logx/(x +1)² dx.        - log(x +1) + log|x/(x +1|

8) ∫ x⁴/(³√(2x⁵+3) dx.     (3/20)³√(2x⁵+ 3)²

9) ∫ (x -2)eˣ/(x -1)² dx.     eˣ/(x -1)

10) ∫ dx/(eˣ+1).      eˣ/(eˣ +1)

11) ∫ x √(x²-1) dx.     (1/4) (x⁴- 2x²+1)

12) ∫ (1+ 2/√x +3) dx.       4√x(√x + 1)

13) ∫ x³/(x -1) dx. .       (2x³+ 3x²+ 6x -11 + 6 log(x -1)/6

14) ∫ (4x -3)/x²  dx.     32x²- 144x + 27/x + 108 logx

15)  ∫ (x -2) dx/³√(x²- 4x -5).      (3/4) ³√(x²- 4x -5)²

16) ∫ dt/(2t²+ 3t +1).         (1/2) Log|(2t+1)/(t+1)|

17) ∫ (x +1)²/√x dx.          2∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ ∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫∫  ∫∫∫∫∫ 







) Find the slope of the curve at the point t=2 when x= t²- 3., y= 2t +1.      1/2

) Find the gradient of the curve log(xy)= x²+ y² at the point (1,1).      -1

) State Rolle's Theorem.

) 






DIFFERENTIATION 

WB MATHS - X

INTREST 

1) If a principal becomes twice of it n 10 years, then the rate of simple interest per annum is 
a) 5% b) 10% c) 15% d) 20%

2) Intrest on Rs a at the simple interest 10% per annum for b months is:
a) Rs ab/100 b) Rs ab/120 c) Rs ab/1200 d) Rs ab/10

3) If the ratio of principal and yearly amount be in the ratio 25:28, then the yearly rate of interest is 
a) 3% b) 12% c) 75/7% d) 8%

4) If the total intrest becomes Rs x for any principal having the rate of simple interest of x% per annum for x years then the principal will be 
a) Rs x b) Rs 100x c) Rs 100/x d) Rs 100/x²

5) The total interest of a principal in n years, at the rate of simple interest of r% per annum is pnr/25, The principal will be 
a) Rs 2p b) Rs 4p c) Rs p/2 d) none

6) If the intrest on Rs p at the rate of simple interest of r% per annum in t years is I, then 
a) I= prt b) prt I= 100 x I c) prt= 100 x I d) none 

7) A principal becomes twice of its amount in 20 years at a certain rate of simple interest. At that same rate of simple interest, that principal becomes thrice of its amount in 
a) 30 years b) 35 years c) 40 years  d) 45 years 

8) A sum of Rs 400 amounts to Rs 480 in 4 years. What will it amount to if the rate of interest is increased by 2%?
a) Rs 484 b) Rs 560 c) Rs 512 d) none 

9) At what rate of percent per annum will Rs 2304 amount to Rs 2500 in 2 years at compound interest?
a) 9/2% b) 21/5% c) 25/6% d) 13/3%

10) An amount doubles itself in 5 years with simple interest. What is the amount of intrest percent per annum?
a) 10% b) 20% c) 25% d) 30%

11) A person deposited Rs 100 in a bank and got the amount Rs 121 for two years. The rate of compound interest is
a) 10% b) 20% c) 5% d) 21/2%

12) In case of compound interest, the rate of compound interest per annum is -
a) equal b) unequal c) both equal or unequal d) none 

13) In case of compound interest 
a) The principal remains unchanged each year 
b) Principal changes in each year 
c) Principal may be equal or unequal in each year 
d) none 

1b 2b 3b 4c 5b 6c 7c 8c 9c 10b 11a 12c 13b 


1) A person deposited Rs 100 in a bank and gets the amount Rs 121 after two years. The rate of compound interest is ___%.

2) If the simple interest of a principal for n years at r% per annum be Rs (pnr)/25, then the principle will be Rs ____

3) At same rate samet percent per annum, the simple interest and compound interest of same principal are same in ____year.

4) A person depreciated certain rate over time its called ____.

5) Amount of Rs 2P per t year at the rate of simple interest r/2% per annum (2P + ____) Rs.

6) If the ratio principal and amount for 1 year is 8:9, then the rate of the simple interest per annum is ____.

7) Fixed amount rupees fixed annual interest rate 1 year compound interest rate and simple interest rate ____.

8) With the passage of time, someone grows at a certain rate, it is called ___.


1) 10% 2) 4p 3) one 4) homogeneous depreciation 5) Rs (Prt)/100 6) 25/2% 7) equals 8) Identical 


1) The amount of Rs 2p in t years at the rate of simple interest of r/2% per annum is Rs (2p + prt/100).

2) The difference between the simple interest and the compound interest of Rs 100 in 1 year at the rate of 10% p.a is Rs 1.

3) At same rate of interest the simple interest for 2 years is more than the compound interest on the same principle.

4)  The present value of an article is Rs 100. The value of the article depreciates by 10% per annum. After 29 years the cost of the article be Rs 81.

5)  The present price of an article is Rs x. The rate of increase in price per year is y%. After z years the cost of the article will be Rs (1+ y/100)².

6) Since the rate of interest on the specified principal remains the same, the simple interest for 2 years will be higher than the compound interest.

7) When time and rate of interest are equal, total interest is proportional to principal.

8) If the principal and the rate of the simple interest per annum are the same, the total interest is inversely related to time.

9)  Any principal amount will double in 20 years at the rate of 5% simple interest per annum.

10) The compound interest on a principal at the same rate of interest per annum for the same period of time will be less than the simple interest.

11) In the compoun intrest, the interest is the sum of the principal amount over a specified period of time. For this reason the amount of principal keeps on increasing gradually. 

1) t 2) f 3) f 4) t 5) t 6) f 7) t 8) f 9) t 10) f 11) t


2 MARKS
1) If the ratio of a principal and its compound for 5 years is 5:6, decide the annual simple rate of interest.

2) What will be the monthly interest of Rs 1 at the rate of 5% simple interest per annum.

3) The rate of simple interest per r reduces from 4% to 15/4% and for this, a person's annual income decreases by Rs 60. Determine the principal of that person .

4) A sum of money is doubled in 8 years at r% rate of compound interest per annum. At the same rate in how many years it will be four times of the Sum ?

5) Calculate Whats sum of money will amount to Rs 3528 after 2 years at the rate of 5% compound interest per annum.

6) For how many years will the principal amount double at the rate of 25/4% simple interest per annum.

7) At what rate of annual simple interest is the interest of a principal 8/25 part of the principle amount in 4 years ?

8)  What is the rate of simple interest per annum, the interest of 2/5 a rupee for 10 years will be part of the compound ?

9) If the compounded compound interest of Rs 400 for 2 years is Rs 441, then what is the compound interest rate per annum ?

10) 5% compound interest of a few rupees in 2 years at the rate of compound interest per annum is Rs 615, then find the principal.

11) What is the rate of simple interest per annum, when the interest on some money in 10 years will be 2/5 parts of its amount (principle along with interest).

12) if the rate of compound interest for the first and second year are 5% and 6% respectively, let us calculate the compound interest on Rs 5000 for 2 years.


1) 4% 2) Rs240 3) Rs 24000 4) 16 5) Rs 3200 6) 16 year 7) 8 8) 20/3% 9) 5% 10) Rs6000  11) 20/3% 12) Rs 565


5 MARKS 

1) The price of a machine in a factory of your uncle depreciates at the rate of 10% every year. If its present price is Rs 6000 then what will be its price after 3 years ?

2)  If interest is compounded half yearly what will be the compound interest and amount on Rs 8000 at the rate of 10% compound interest per annum for 3/2 years ?

3) Khawaish has taken a loan of rse64000 from a bank, if the rate of interest be 2.5 paise per annum, calculate the compound interest payable after 2 years.

4)  The difference between simple interest and compound interest for 2 years of a sum of money becomes Rs 80 at 4% interest per annum. Calculate the sum of money.

5) As a result of Sarba Siksha Abhiyan, the students leaving the school before completion, the students are readmitted, so the number of students in a year is increased by 5% in comparison to its previous year. If the number of such readmitted students in a district be 3528 in the present year, calculate the number of students readmitted 2 years before in this manner.

6) Calculate in how many years Rs 50000 will amount to Rs 60500 the rate of 10% compound interest per annum .   

7) Calculate the compound interest and amount on Rs 1600 for 3/2 years at the rate of 10% compound interest per annum, compounded at an interval of 6 months .

8) At present the sum of the number of the student in Magnus Academy is 3993. if the increase in the number of students in a year was 10% of its previous year, Calculate the sum of the number of Students 3 years before in all in Magnus Academy.

9)  Calculate the sum of the money, if the difference between compound interest and simple interest for 2 years at the rate of 9% interest per annum is Rs 129.60.

10) As a result publicity on smoking, the number of smokers is decreased by 25/4% every year in comparison to its previous year. If the number of smokers at present in a city is 33750, calculate the number of smokers in that city 3 years before.

11)  A bank gives 5% simple interest per annum, In that Bank Archana deposits Rs 15000 at the beginning of the year, but withdraws Rs 3000 after 3 months and then again, after 3 months, she deposits Rs 8000. Find the amount (principal along with interest) Archana will get at the end of the year.

12) Kushagra deposity the money for each of his two daughters in such a way that when the ages of each of his daughters will be 18 years, each one will get Rs 120000. The rate of simple interest per annum in the bank is 10% and the present ages of his daughters are 13 years in 8 years respectively. Find the money he had deposited separately in the bank for each of his daughters.

13) if simple interest and compound interest of a certain sum of money for 2 years are Rs 8400 and Rs 8652, then find the sum of money and the rate of the interest.

14) Raju got Rs 10000 when retired from his service. He deposited some of that money in the post office and get Rs 5400 in total per year as interest. If the rate of simple interest per annual in the bank and in the post office at 5% and 6% respectively, then find the money he had deposited in the bank and the post office.

15) Robin Sir takes a loan amount of Rs240000 from a bank for constructing a building at the rate of simple interest of 12% per annum . After 1 year of taking the loan he rents the house at the rate of Rs5200 per month. Determine the number of years he would take to repay his loan along with interest from the income of the house rent.

1) Rs 4374 2) Rs 9261, Rs 1261 3) Rs 3240 4) Rs 50000 5) 3200 6) 2 years 7) Rs 252.20  8) 3000 9) Rs 16000 10) 40960 11) Rs 20837.50 12) 80000, 60000 13) 6%, 70000 14) 60000 in bank, 40000 in P. O 15) 9 years 





















QUADRATIC EQUATION 


1) The product of two roots of the equation x²- 7x +3=0 is
a) 7 b) -7 c) 3 d) -3

2) Under what condition one root of the equation ax²+ bx+ c=0 is zero 
a) a= 0 b) b= 0 c) c= 0  d) none

3) 2x²- 3x + k +2 =0 one root of the equation is zero. The product. The value of k is 
a) 2 b) -2 c) 1/2 d) -1/2

4) If two roots of equation x² + 4x +k =0 are equal, then the value of k is 
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

5)  If two roots of equation x² - 6x +k =0 are real and unequal , then the value of k is 
a) more than 6 b) less than 9 c) more than 9 d) less than 9

6) The sum of two roots of the equation x² - 6x +2 =0 
a) 2  b) -2 c) 6 d) -6

7) If the product of two roots of the equation x² - 3x +k = 10 is -2, what is the value of k?
a) -2 b) -8 c) 8 d) 12

8) If two roots of the equation ax² + bx + c=0 (a≠ 0) be equal, then 
a) c= - b/2a b) c= b/2a c) c= - b²/4a d) c= b²/4a

9) The root/s of equation x²/x = 6 is/are
a) 0 b) 6 c) 0 and 6 d) -6

10) If two roots of the equation (k +1)x² + 2kx + (k +2) =0 are equal and negative then value of k is 
a) 1 b) -1 c) 0 d) -2

11) If roots of the equation ax² + bx + c=0 (c≠ 0) are real and unequal then b²- 4ac will be 
a) > 0 b) =0 c) < 0 d) none 

12) The number of roots of quadratic equation is 
a) one b) two c) three d) none 

13) If ax² + bx + c is a quadratic equation then
a) b≠ 0 b) c≠ 0 c) a ≠ 0 d) none 

14) The highest power of the variable of a quadratic equation is 
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) none 

15) The equation 4(5x² -7x + 2)= 5(4x²- 6x +3) is 
a) linear b) quadratic c) 3rd degree d) none 


1c 2c 3a 4d 5d 6c 7c 8d 9c 10c 11a 12b 13c 14b 15a 


16) The roots of the equation ax² + 2bx + c= 0 (a≠ 0) are real and equal, then b²= ____

17) If the product and sum of two quadratic surds is a rational number, then the surds are ____ surd.

18) The equation (a-2)x²+ 3x +5=0 will not be a quadratic equation for a = ____

19) If in a quadratic equation ax² + bx + c=0 (a≠ 0), b²= 4ac, then the roots of the equation will be real and ____.

20) If the sum and product of two quadratic equation is a fundamental number, then both the conditions are ____.

21) 7x² - 12x + 18=0. The ratio of the sum and the product of the roots of the equations_____.

22) ax² + bx + c= 0 (a≠ 0). If both the roots of the equation are mutually inverse (reciprocal), then c= _____.

23) ax² + bx + c= 0 (a≠ 0) if both the roots of the equation are mutually inverse and negative, then a+ c =____'



16) ac 17) pure 18) 2 19) equal 20) supplement 21) 2:3 22) a 23) 0 24) 



24) √π is a quadratic.    T/F

25) x² + x + 1= 0 both the roots of the equation are real.    T/F

26) x² + x + 2 = 0 both the roots of the equation are not real.    T/F

27) x²= 25 the only root of the equation is 5.     T/F

28) 3x² - 2 √6x +2=0 both of the equation will be real and equal.    T/F


24) f 25) f 26) t 27) f 28) t



29) If the roots of the equation 5x² - 2x + 3 = 0 be a and b, find the value of (1/α + 1/β).

30) If the roots of the equation be 2 and -3, then write the equation.

31) Without solving, find the values of p for which the equation x²+ (p -3)x + p=0 has real and equal roots.

32) If kx²+ 2x + 3k =0 (k≠ 0) the sum and product of the roots of the equation are the same, write the value of k.

33) If x² - 22x + 105 =0 the equation has two roots α and β then determine the value of 
(α - β).


29) 2/3  30) x²+ x - 6=0 31) 9,1 32) -2/3 33) ±8



34) Solve: 1/(x -3) - 1/(x +5) = 1/6.        7,-9

35) The product of two consecutive positive odd numbers is 143. Determine the numbers.      11,13

36) Determine the equation whose roots are the square of the roots of the equation x²+ x +1=0.       

37) If the price of 1 dozen pens is reduced by Rs 6, then 3 more pens can be bought in Rs 30. Find the price of 1 dozen pens before the reduction of price.     Rs 38

38) Solve: {(x+4)/(x -4)}² - 5(x+4)/(x -4)+ 6 =0, x ≠ 4.       8,12

39) The digit in the unit's place of a two digited number is 6 more than that at the ten's place. The product of the digits is 12 less than the number. Find the possible values of the digits in the unit's place.      8 or 9

40) If 5 times of a positive whole number is less by 3 then twice of its square, then find the number.        3

41) solve: 1/x  - 1/(x - b) = 1/a - 1/(a + b).        a, -(a+ b)

42) Solve: x²- (√3+ 2) x + 2√3=0.      √3, 2

43) (x+3)/(x -3) + 6{(x-3)/(x +3)}= 5.        9,6

44) x/(x +1)  + (x +1)/x   = 25/12, x≠0,-1.       3,-4

45) (2x +1)  + 3/(2x +1) = 4.      0,1

46) (x +1)/2  + 2/(x +1)  = (x +1)/3 + 3/(x +1)  - 5/6.      0,-7

47) {(x+a)/(x -a)}² - 5{(x+a)/(x -a)} + 6 =0, x≠ a.      2a, 3a

48) The tens digit of a two digit number is 3 less than the unit. Substracting their product from the number gives the disjunction 15. Find the unit's digit of the number.    5 or 9

49) There are two in our school's cistern. A cistern is filled in a 1/x minutes by both of drains. The second tap takes 5 minutes longer than the first. In how much time will each tap fill the cistern separately?      20,25 minutes 

50) When two digits positive numbers is multiplied by its unit digit, the product is 189. If the tens digit's is twice the unit digr, then what is the unit's digit?      3

51) (b - c)x² + (c - a)x + (a - b)=0 if both the roots of a quadratic equation are equal, show that 2b= a+ c.

52) (a²+ b²)x² - 2(ac+ bd)x + (c²+ d²)=0. If both the roots of equation are equal, then show that a/b = c/d.

53) ax²+ bx + c=0 if one root is twice the other, then show that 2b²= 9ac.

54) There is a square park in our locality. The area of a rectangular Park of length 5m more than the length of one side of this park and 3m less in width is equal to that of a square Park. then find the length of the side of the square Park.      9m

55) Pralay Babu of our village decided to plant 350 red pepper plants in one of his rectangular plots of land . After planting the sapling in rows, he saw that after planting in 24 more rows than the number of saplings planted in each row, 10 saplings were left, Then how many saplings have been planted by them in each row?      10

56) The length of the base of a triangle is 18m more than twice its height. If the area of the triangle is 360 square metres. Find the height ?       15m

57) The distance between two places is 200 km. The time taken by motor car to travel from one place to another is 2 hours less than it takes to travel by jeep. If the speed of the motor car is 5km per hour less than that of the Jeep, then find the speed of the motor car.         20

58) The area of Anita's rectangular land is 2000 square meters and its boundary is 180 meters , then find the length and the breadth of the Anita's rectangular land.     50,40

59) The velocity of a boat in still water is 8 km/hr. A boat takes 5 hours to go 15km downstream and 22km upstream, then what is the velocity of the stream?     8/5


Monday, 23 June 2025

SHORT QUESTION VII/ VIII/IX

RATIONAL NUMBERS

BOOSTER - A

1) (-5/16 + 7/12)= ?
a) -7/48 b) 1/24 c) 13/48 d) 1/3

2) (8/-15 + 4/-3)= ?
a) 28/15 b) -28/15 c) -4/5 d) -4/15

3) 7/-26  + 16/39= ?
a) 11/78 b) -11/78 c) 11/39 d) -11/39

4) 3+ 5/-7= ?
a) -16/7 b) 16/7 c) -26/7 d) -8/7

5) 31/-4  + -5/8= ?
a) 67/8 b) 57/8 c) -57/8 d) -67/8

6) What should be added to 7/11 to get -4/15 ?
a) 17/20 b) -17/20 c) 7/20 d) -7/20

7) 2/3 + -4/4 + 7/15 + -11/20= ?
a) -1/5 b) -4/15 c) -13/60 d) -7/30

8) The sum of two numbers is -4/3 if one of the numbers is -5, what is the other?
a) -11/3 b) 11/3 c) -19/3 d) 19/3

9) What should be added to -5/7 to get -2/3 ?
a) -29/21 b) 29/21 c) 1/21 d) -1/21

10) What should be substracted from -5/3 to get 5/6 ?
a) 5/2 b) 3/2 c) 5/4 d) -5/2

11) (-3/7)⁻¹= ?
a) 7/3 b) -7/3 c) 3/7 d) none 

12) The product of two rational numbers is -28/81. If one of the numbers is 14/27 then the other one is 
a) -2/3 b) 2/3 c) 3/2 d) -3/2

13) The product of two numbers is -16/35. If one of the numbers is -15/14, the other is
a) -2/5 b) 8/15 c) 32/75 d) -8/3

14) What should be substracted from -3/5 to get -2?
a) -7/5 b) -13/5 c) 13/5 d) 7/5

15) The sum of two rational numbers is -3. If one of them is -10/3 then the other one is 
a) -13/3 b) -19/3 c) 1/3 d) 13/3

16) Which of the following numbers is in standard form?
a) -12/26 b) -49/70 c) -9/16 d) 28/-105

17) -9/16 x 8/15=?
a) -3/10 b) -4/10 c) -9/25 d) -2/5

18) -5/9 ÷ 2/3=?
a) -5/2 b) -5/6 c) -10/27 d) -6/5

19) 4/9 ÷ ? = -8/15
a) -32/45 b) -8/5 c) -9/10 d) -5/6

20) Additive inverse of -5/9 is
a) -9/5 b) 0 c) 5/9 d) 9/5

21) Reciprocal of -3/4 is
a) 4/3 b) 3/4 c) -4/3 d) 0

22) A rational number between -2/3 and 1/4 is
a) 5/12 b) -5/12 c) 5/24 d) -5/24

23) The reciprocal of a negative rational number 
a) is a positive rational number 
b) is a negative rational number 
c) can be either a positive or a negative rational number 
d) does not exist.


BOOSTER - B

1) Find the additive inverse of: 
a) 7/-10
b) 8/5

2) The sum of two rational numbers is -4. If one of them is -11/5, find the other.

3) What number should be added to -3/5 to get 2/3?

4) What number should be substracted from -3/4 to get -1/2 ?

5) Find the multiple inverse of:
a) -3/4
b) 11/4

6) The product of two numbers is -8. If one of them is -12, find the other.

7) Evaluate: 
a) -3/5 x 10/7
b) (-5/8)⁻¹
c) (-6)⁻¹

8) Name the property of multiplication shown by each of the following statements:
a) -12/5 x 3/4= 3/4 x -12/5
b) -8/15 x 1= -8/15
c) (-2/3 x 7/8) x -5/7= -2/3 x (7/8 x -5/7)
d) -2/3 x 0 = 0
e) 2/5 x (-4/5 + -3/10)= (2/5 x -4/5) ÷ (2/5 x -3/10)

9) Find two rational numbers lying between -1/3 and 1/2.


BOOSTER - C

1) What should be added to -3/5 to get -1/3?
a) 4/5 b) 8/15 c) 4/15 d) 2/5

2) What should be substracted from -2/3 to get 3/4?
a) -11/12 b) -13/12 c) -5/4 d) -17/12

3) (-5/4)⁻¹=?
a) 4/5 b) -4/5 c) 5/4 d) 3/5

4) The product of two numbers is -1/4. If one of them is -3/10, then the other is
a) 5/6 b) -5/6 c) 4/3 d) -8/5

5) -5/6 ÷ -2/3=?
a) -5/4 b) 5/4 c) -4/5 d) 4/5

6) 4/3 ÷ ? = -5/2
a) -8/5 b) 8/5 c) -8/15 d) 8/15

7) Reciprocal of -7/9 is
a) 9/7 b) -9/7 c) 7/9 d) none 

8) A rational number between -2/3 and 1/2 is
a) -1/6 b) -1/12 c) -5/6 d) 5/6

9) Fill in the blanks 
a) 25/8 × ___= - 10.
b) -8/9 x ___= -2/3.
c) (-1) + ___= -2/9
d) 2/3 -  ____= 1/15.

10) WRITE TRUE/FALSE 
a) Rational numbers are always closed under substraction.
b) Rational numbers are always closed under division.
c) 1 ÷ 0= 0.
d) Subtraction is commutative on rational numbers.
e) -(-7/8) = 7/8


EXPONENTS 

BOOSTER - A

1) The value of (2/5)⁻³ is 
a) -8/125 b) 25/4 c) 125/8 d) -2/5

2) The value of (-3)⁻⁴ is 
a) 12 b) 81 c) -1/12 d) 1/81

3) The value of (-2)⁻⁵ is 
a) -32 b) -1/32 c) 32 d) 1/32

4) (2⁻⁵ ÷ 2⁻²)= ?
a) 1/128 b) -1/128 c) -1/8 d) 1/8

5) The value of (3⁻¹ + 4⁻¹)⁻¹ ÷ 5⁻¹ is 
a) 7/10 b) 60/7 c) 7/5 d) 7/15

6) (1/2)⁻² + (1/3)⁻² + (1/4)⁻² = ?
a) 61/144 b) 144/61 c) 29 d) 1/29

7) {(1/3)⁻³ - (1/2)⁻³} ÷ (1/4)⁻³= ?
a) 19/64 b) 27/16 c) 64/19 d) 16/25

8) [{(-1/2)²}⁻²]⁻¹= ?
a) 1/16 b) 16 c) -1/16 d) -16

9) The value of x for which (7/12)⁻⁴ x (7/12)³ˣ = (7/12)⁵, is 
a) -1 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

10) If (2³ˣ⁻¹ + 10) ÷ 7= 6, then x is equal to 
a) -2 b) 0 c) 1 d) 2

11) (2/3)⁰= ?
a) 3/2 b) 2/3 c) 1 d) 0

12) (-5/3)⁻¹= ?
A) 5/3 b) 3/5 c) -3/5 d) none 

13) (-1/2)³= ?
a) -1/6 b) 1/6 c) 1/8 d) -1/8

14) (-3/2)² = ?
a) -9/16 b) 9/16 c) 16/9 d) -16/9

15) 3670000 in standard form is
a) 367 x 10⁴ b) 36.7 x 10⁵ c) 3.67 x 10⁶ d) none 

16) 0.0000463 in standard form is
a) 4.63 x10⁻⁷ b) 4.63 x10⁻⁵ c) 4.63x 10⁻⁹ d) 46.3 x 10⁻⁶

17) 0.000367x 10⁴ in usual fom is 
a) 3.67 b) 36.7 c) 0.367 d) 0.0367


BOOSTER- B

1) Evaluate:
a) 3⁻⁴
b) (-4)³
c) (3/4)⁻²
d) (-2/3)⁻⁵
e) (5/7)⁰

2) Evaluate: {(-2/3)³}⁻².

3) Simplify : {3⁻¹ + 6⁻¹} ÷ (3/4)⁻¹.

4) By what number should (-2/3)⁻³ be divided so that the quotient is (4/9)⁻² ?

5) By what number should (-3)⁻¹ be multiplied so that the product becomes 6⁻¹ ?

6) Express each of the following in standard fom:
a) 345
b) 180000
c) 0.000003
d) 0.000027

BOOSTER- C

1) The value of (-3)⁻³ is 
a) -27 b) 9 c) -1/27 d) 1/27

2) The value of (3/4)⁻³ is 
a) -27/64 b) 64/27 c) -9/4 d) 27/64

3) (3⁻⁶ ÷ 3⁴)= ?
a) 3⁻² b) 3² c) 3⁻¹⁰ d) 3¹⁰

4) If (5/12)⁻⁴ x (5/12)³ˣ= (5/12)⁵, then x= ?
a) -1 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

5) (3/5)⁰= ?
a) 5/3 b) 3/5 c) 1 d) 0

6) (-6/5)⁻¹= ?
a) 6/5 b) -6/5 c) 5/6 d) -5/6

7) (-1/3)³= ?
a) -1/9 b) 1/9 c) -1/27 d) 1/27

Fill in the blanks:
a) 360000 written in standard fom is____
b) 0.0000123 written in standard form is _____
c) (-2/3)⁻² = _____
d) 3 x 10⁻³ in usual form is_____
e) 5.32 x 10⁻⁴ in usual form is ____


SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS 

BOOSTER - A

1) Which of the following number is not a perfect square ?
a) 7056 b) 3969  c) 5478  d) 4624 

2) Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square ?
a) 1444 b) 3136 c) 961 d) 2222

3) Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square ?
a) 1843 b) 3721 c) 1024 d) 1296

4) Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square ?
a) 1156 b) 4787 c) 2704 d) 3969

5) Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square ?
a) 3600 b) 6400 c) 81000 d) 2500

6) Which of the following cannot be the unit digit of a perfect square number ?
a) 6 b) 1 c) 9 d) 8

7) The square of the proper fraction is 
a) larger than the fraction 
b) smaller than the fraction 
c) equal to the fraction  d) none 

8) if n is odd, then 1+ 3 + 5+ 7+.... to n terms is equals to
a) n²+1 b) n² - 1 c) n² d) 2n²+1
 
9) Which of the following is a Pythagorean triplet ?
a) (2,3,5) b) (5,7,9) c) ( 6,9,11) d) (8,15,17)

10) What least number must be subtracted from 176 to make a perfect square ?
a) 16 b) 10 c) 7 d) 4

11)  What least number must be added to 526 to make it a perfect square?
a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 6

12) What least number must be added to 15370 to make a perfect square?
a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 9

13) √0.9= ?
a) 0.3 b) 0.03 c) 0.33 d) 0.94

14) √0.1=?
a) 0.1 b) 0.01 c) 0.316 d) none 

15) √0.9 x √1.6= ?
a) 0.12 b) 1.2 c) 0.75 d) 12

16) √288/√128= ?
a) √3/2 b) 3/√2 c) 3/2 d) 1.49

17) √9/4= ?
a) 5/2 b) 3/2 c) 5/4 d) none 

18) Which of the following is the square of an even number ?
a) 196 b) 441 c) 626 d) 529

19) Which of the following is the square of an odd number ?
a) 2116 b) 3844 c) 1369 d) 2500

BOOSTER - B

1) Evaluate : √11236

2) Find the greatest number of the 5 digit which is a perfect square. What is the square root of this number ?

3) Find the least number of 4 digits which is a perfect square. What is the square root of this number ?

4) Evaluate : √0.2809.

5) Evaluate: √3 correct up to two places of decimal.

6) Evaluate: √48/√243.

BOOSTER - C
1) Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square ?
a) 529 b) 961 c) 1024 d) 1222

2) √9/4=?
a) 5/2 b) 5/4 c) 3/2 d) none 

3) Which of the following is the square of an even number ?
a) 529 b) 961 c) 1764 d) 2809

4) What least number must be added to 521 to make it a perfect square?
a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 8

5) What least number must be subtracted from 178 to make it a perfect square ?
a) 6 b) 8 c) 9 d) 7

6) √72 x √98= ?
a) 42 b)  84 c) 64 d) 77

Fill in the blanks:
a) 1+ 3+5+7+9+11+13= ____
b) √1682= ___
c) The smallest square number exactly divisible by 2, 4, 6 is ___
d) A given number is a perfect square having n digits, where n is odd. Then its square root will have____ digits.


CUBES AND CUBE ROOTS 

BOOSTER - A

1) Which of the following numbers is a perfect cube ?
a) 141 b) 294  c) 216  d) 496 

2) Which of the following numbers is a perfect cube?
a) 1152 b) 1331 c) 2016 d) 739 

3) ³√512=?
a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) 9 

4) ³√(125 x 64)= ?
a) 100 b) 40 c) 20 d) 30

5) ³√(64/343)= ?
a) 4/9  b) 4/7  c) 8/7  d) 8/21 

6) ³√(-512/729)=?
a) -7/9 b) -8/9 c) 7/9 d) 8/9

7) By what least number should 648 be multiplied to get a perfect cube ?
a) 3 b) 6 c) 9 d) 8 

8) By what least number should 1536 be divided to get a perfect cube ?
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8 

9) (13 0/10)³=?
a) 1027/1000 b) 2027/1000 c) 2197/1000 d) none 

10) (0.8)³=?
a) 51.2 b) 5.12 c) 0.512  d) none 

BOOSTER - B

1) Evaluate: (7/5)⅔.

2) Evaluate ³√4096.

3) Evaluate: ³√(216 x 343).

4) Evaluate: ³√(64/125).

BOOSTER - C

1) (7/4)³= ?
a) 91/64 b) 155/64 c) 343/64 d) none 

2) Which of the following numbers is a perfect cube ?
a) 121 b) 169  c) 196 d) 216 

3) ³√(216x64)= ?
a) 64 b) 32  c) 24  d) 36

4) ³√(- 343/729)=?
a) 7/9 b) -7/9  c) -9/7  d) 9/7

5) By what least number should 324 be multiplied to get a perfect cube ?
a) 12  b) 14  c) 16 d) 18 

6) ³√(128/³√250)=?
a) 3/5 b) 4/5  c) 2/5 d) none 

7) Which of the following is a cube of an odd number?
a) 216 b) 512 c) 343 d) 1000

Fill in the blanks 
a) ³√(ab)= ³√a x ___
b) ³√(a/b)= ___
c) ³√-x = ____
d) (0.5)³= ____

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS 

BOOSTER - A
1) If 5x6 is exactly divisible by 3, then the least value of x is
a) 0 b) 1 b) 2 c) 3

2) If 64y8 is exactly divisible by 3, then the least value of y is 
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

3) If 7x8 is exactly divisible by 9, then the least value of x is 
a) 0 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5

4) If 37y4 is exactly divisible by 9, then the least value of y is 
a) 2 b) 3 c) 1 d) 4

5) If 4xy7 is exactly divisible by 3, then the least value of x+ y is 
a) 1 b) 4 c) 5  d) 7

6) If x7y5 is exactly divisible by 3, then the least value of x+ y is 
a) 6 b) 0 c) 4 d) 3

7) If x4y5 is exactly divisible by 9, then the least value of x+ y + z is 
a) 3 b) 6 c) 9 d) 0

8) If 1A2B5 is exactly divisible by 9, then the least value of A+ B is 
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 10

9) If the 4digit number x27y is exactly divisible by 9, then the least value of x+ y is 
a) 0 b) 3 c) 6 d) 9

BOOSTER - B

1) Find all possible values of x for which the 4digit number 320x is divisible by 3. Also, find the numbers.

2) Find all possible values of y for which the 4digit number 64y3 is divisible by 9. Also, find the numbers.

3) The sum of the digits of a 2-digit number is 6. The number obtained by interchanging its digits is 18 more than the original number. Find the original number.

4) Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9 ?
a) 524618. b) 7345845  c) 8977148

5) Replace A, B and C by suitable numerals 
  5   7   A
- C   B  8
----------------
  2   9   3

6) Replace A, B and C by suitable numerals 
  7| 6 A B| 8C
     -5 6
  ----------
        6  B
      -6   3
  --------------
        ×

7) Replace A, B and C by suitable numerals 
    A     B
×  B     A
--------------
B  C    B

BOOSTER - C

1) If 7x8 is exactly divisible by 3, then the least value of x is 
a) 3 b) 0 c) 6  d) 9

2) If 6x5 is exactly divisible by 9, then the least value of x is 
a) 1 b) 4 c) 7 d) 0

3) If xé8y is exactly divisible by 9, then the least value of x + y is 
a) 4 b) 0 c) 6  d) 7

4) If 486*7 is exactly divisible by 9, then the least value of * is 
a) 0  b) 1 c) 3  d) 2




OPERATION ON ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION 

BOOSTER - A
The sum of (6a + 4b - c +3), (2b - 3c +4),(11b - 7a + 2c -1) and (2c -5a -6) is 
a) (4a - 6b +2) 
b) (-3a +14b -3c +2) 
c) (-6a +17b) 
d) (-6a +6b +c -4)

2) (3q + 7p²- 2r³ +4) - (-2q + 4p²+ 7r³ -3)=?
a) 2q + p² + 5r³ +1
b) 5q + 11p²- 9r³ +7
c) -5q - 3p² + 9r³ -7
d) 5q + 3p²- 9r³ +7

3) (x +5)(x -3)=?
a) x²+ 5x - 15
b) x² -3x - 15
c) x²+ 2x +15
d) x²+ 2x - 15

4) (2x +3)(3x -1)=?
a) 6x²+ 8x - 3
b) 6x² +7x - 3
c) 6x² -7x -3
d) 6x² -7x +3

5) (x +4)(x - 4)=?
a) x²+ 16
b) x² +4x + 16
c) x²+ 8x +16
d) x²+ 16x 

6) (x -6)(x -6)=?
a) x² - 36
b) x² +36
c) x²-6x +36
d) x²-12x +36

7) (2x +5)(2x -5)=?
a) 4x²+ 25x 
b) 4x² - 25
c) 4x²-10x +25
d) 4x²+ 10x - 25

8) 8a²b³ ÷ (-2a)=?
a) 4ab² b) 4a²b c) -4ab² d) - 4a²b

9) (2x²+ 3x +1)÷ (x +1)=?
a) x+1 b) 2x+1 c) x+3 d) 2x+3

10) (x² -4x +4)÷ (x -2)=?
a) x-2 b) x+2 c) 2- x d) 2+ x+x²

11) (a+1)(a -1)(a²+1)=?
a) (a⁴- 2a²-1) b) (a⁴- a²-1) c) (a⁴ -1)  d) (a⁴ + 1) 

12) (1/x + 1/y)(1/x - 1/y)=?
a) (1/x²- 1/y²) b) (1/x² + 1/y²) c) (1/x² +  1/y² - 1/xy) d)  (1/x² - 1/y² + 1/xy)

13) If x+ 1/x = 5, then  (x² +  1/x²)=?
a) 25 b) 27 c) 23 d) 626/25

14) If x - 1/x = 6, then (x² + 1/x²)=?
a) 36 b) 38 c) 32 d) 1397/36 

15) (82)¹- (18)²= ?
a) 8218 b) 6418 c) 6400 d) 7204

16) 197 x 203=?
a) 39991 b) 39999 c) 40009 d) 40001

17) If a+ b=12 and ab= 14 then a²+ b² is 
a) 172 b) 116 c) 162 d) 126

18) If a+ b=7 and ab= 9 then a²+ b² is 
a) 67 b) 31 c) 40 d) 58

19) If x=10 then the value of 4x²+ 20x +25 is
a) 256 b) 425 c) 625 d) 575



FACTORIZATION 

BOOSTER - A

1) 7a²- 63b²=?
a) (7a -9b)(9a + 7b)
b) (7a -9b)(7a + 9b)
c) 9(a - 3b)(a + 3b)
d) 7(a - 3b)(a + 3b)

2) 2x - 32x³=?
a) 2(x - 4)(x + 4)
b) 2x(1- 2x)²
c) 2x(1+2x)²
d) 2x(1 - 4x)(1+ 4x)

3) x³- 144x=?
a) x(x -12)² b) x(x +12)² c) x(x -12)(x +12) d) none 

4) 2- 50x²=?
a) 2(1- 5x)²  b) 2(1+ 5x)²  c) (2 - 5x)(2+ 5x) d) 2(1- 5x)(1+ 5x)

5) a²+ bc+ ab+ ac=?
a) (a+ b)(a+ c) b) (a+ b)(b+ c) c) (b+ c)(a+ c) d) a(a+ b+ c)

6) pq²+ q(p -1) -1=?
a) (pq +1)(pq -1)   b) p(q +1)(q -1)
c) q(q +1)(p -1)     d) (pq -1)(q +1)

7) ab - mn + an - bm=?
a) (a - b)(m - n)
b) (a - m)(b+ n)
c) (a - n)(m + b)
d) (m - a)(n - b)

8) ab - a - b +1=?
a) (a - 1)(b - 1)     b) (1 - a)(1 - b)
c) (a - 1)(1 - b)     d) (1 - a)(b - 1)

9) x²- xz + xy - yz=?
a) (x - y)(x + z) b) (x - y)(x - z) c) (x + y)(x - z) d) (x - y)(z - x)

10) 12m¹- 27=?
a) (2m -3)(3m -9)
b) 2(2m -9)(3m -1)
c) 3(2m -3)(2m +3) d) none 

11) x³- x =?
a) x(x²- x) b) x(x- x²) c) x(1+x)(1- x) d) x(x+1)(x -1)

12) 1- 2ab - (a²+ b²)=?
a) (1+ a - b)(1+ a+ b)
b) (1+ a + b)(1- a+ b)
c) (1+ a + b)(1+0- a- b)
d) (1+ a - b)(1- a+ b)

13) x²+ 6x +8=?
a) (x +3)(x +5) b) (x +3)(x +4) c) (x +2)(x +4) d) (x +1)(x +8) 

14) x²+ 4x -21 =?
a) (x - 7)(x +3) b) (x +7)(x -3) c) (x -7)(x -3) d) (x +7)(x +3) 

15) y²+ 2y - 3 =?
a) (y - 1)(y +3) b) (y +1)(y -3) c) (y -1)(y -3) d) (y +2)(y -3) 

16) 40+ 3x - x²=?
a) (x +5)(x -8) b) (5- x)(8+x) c) (5+ x)(8 - x) d) (5 - x)(8- x) 

17) 2x²+ 5x +3 =?
a) (x +3)(2x +1) b) (x +1)(2x +3) c) (2x +5)(x -3) d) none 

18) 6x² - 13x +6 =?
a) (2x +3)(3x -2) b) (2x -3)(3x +2) c) (3x -2)(2x -3) d) (3x +1)(2x -3) 

19) 4x² - 8x +3 =?
a) (2x -1)(2x -3) b) (2x +1)(3- 2x) c) (2x +3)(3x -1) d) (x -1)(x -3) 

20) 3+ 23y - 8y²=?
a) (1- 8y)(3+ y) b) (1 + 8y)(3- y) c) (1- 8y)(y -3) d) (8y -1)(y+ 3) 



LINEAR EQUATIONS
BOOSTER - A

1) If 2x -3= x +2, then x is
a) 1 b) 3 c) 5 d) 7

b) If 5x + 7/2 = 3x/2 - 14, then x is 
a) 5 b) -5 c) 6 d) -6

3) If z= 4(z+10)/5 then z is 
a) 40 b) 20 c) 10 d) 60

4) If 3m= 5m - 8/5, then m is 
a) 2/5 b) 3/5 c) 4/5 d) 1/5

5) If 5t - 3 = 3t -5, then t is 
a) 1 b) -1 c) 2 d) -2

6) If 2y + 5/3= 26/3 - y, then y is
a) 1 b) 2/3 c) 6/5 d) 7/3

7) If (6x +1)/3 +1 = (x -3)/6, then x is 
a) 1 b) -1 c) 3 d) -3

8) If n/2 - 3n/4 + 5n/6= 21, then n is 
a) 30 b) 42 c) 36 d) 28

9) If (x +1)/(2x +3) = 3/8, then x is 
a) 1/4 b) 1/3 c) 1/6 d) 1/2

10) If (4x +8)/(5x +8) = 5/6, then x is 
a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 12

11) If n/(n +15) = 4/9, then n is 
a) 4 b) 6 c) 9 d) 12

12) If 3(t -3)= 5(2t +1), then t is 
a) -2 b) 2 c) -3 d) 3

13) Four -fifths of a number is greater than three-fourth of the number by 4. The number is 
a) 12 b) 64 c) 80 d) 102

14) The ages of A and B are in the ratio 5:7. Four years from now the ratio of their ages will be 3:4. The present age of B is 
a) 20 b) 28 c) 15 d) 21

15) The base of an isosceles triangle is 6cm and Its perimeter is 16cm. Length of each of the equal sides is
a) 4cm b) 5cm c) 3cm d) 6cm

16) Sum of three consecutive integers is 51. The middle one is 
a) 14 b) 15 c) 16 d) 17

17) The sum of two numbers is 95. If one exceeds the other by 15, the smaller of the two is
a) 40 b) 35 c) 45 d) 55

18) Number of boys and girls in a class are in the ratio 7:5. The number of boys is 8 more than the number of girls. The total class strength is
a) 56 b) 52 c) 48 d) 36


TEST PAPER 






Saturday, 14 June 2025

DEFINITION XI- XII +



PARABOLA 
1. CONIC SECTIONS:
A conic section, or conic is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that its distance from a fixed point is in a constant ratio to its perpendicular distance from a fixed straight line.
a) The fixed point is called the focus.
b) The fixed straight line is called the directrix .
c) The constant ratio is called the eccentrity denoted by e.
d) The line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called the .
e) A point of intersection of a conic with its axis is called a vertex .

2. GENERAL EQUATION OF A CONIC: FOCAL DIRECTRIX PROPERTY:
The general equation of a conic with focus (p,q) and directs lx + my+ n= 0 is:
(l²+ m²)[(x - p)²+ (y - q)²]= e²(lx + my + n)²≡ ax²+ 2hxy + by²+ 2gx + 2fy + c=0

3. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE CONIC:
The nature of the conic section depends upon the position of the focus S w.r.t. the directrix and also upon the value of the eccentricity e. Two different cases arise.

Case (i) : when the focus lies on the directrix:
 In this case D ≡ ABC + 2 fgh - af²- bg²- ch²= 0  and the general equation of a conic represents a pair of straight lines and if:
e> 1  the lines will be real and distinct intersecting at S.
e= 1 the lines will coincident.
e< 1 the lines will be imaginary.

Case (ii):  when the focus does not lie on the directrix :
The chronic represents :
A parabola : e= 1; D≠ 0; h½= ab
An ellipse :   0< e < 1; D≠ 0; h² < ab
A hyperbola: D≠ 0; e> 1; h² > ab
A rectangular hyperbola : e> 1; D ≠ 0 ; h² > ab ; a+ b = 0


PARABOLA 
A parabola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane, such that its distance from a fixed (focus) is equal to its perpendicular distance from a fixed line (directrix).
Standard equation of the parabola is y²= 4ax. For this parabola :
i) vertex is (0,0)
ii) Focus is (a,0)
iii) Axis is y= 0
iv) Directrix is x + a = 0

a) Focal distance:
The distance of a point in the parabola from the focus is called the focal distance of the point.

b) Focal chord:
 A chord of the parabola, which passes through the focus is called a focal chord.

c) Double ordinate:
 A chord of the parabola perpendicular to the axis of the symmetry is called double ordinate.

d) Latus rectum:
A double ordinate passing through the focus or a focal chord perpendicular to axis of parabola is called the latus rectum . For y²= 4ax.

• Length of the latus rectum= 4a.
• Length of the semi latus rectum= 2a.
• Ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) and L'(a, -2a)

Note that:
i) Perpendicular distance from focus on directrix = half the latus rectum.
ii) Vertex is middle point of the focus and the point of intersection of the directrix and axis.
iii) Two parabolas are said to be equal if they have the same latus rectum.


5. PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION:
The simple and the best form of representing the coordinates of a point on the parabola is (at², 2at). The equation x= at² and y= 2at together represents the parabola y²= 4ax,  t being the parameter.

6.  TYPE OF PARABOLA :
Four standard forms of the parabola are y²= 4ax; y²= - 4ax; x²= 4ay; x²= - 4ay





MATRICES 

DEFINITION:
A Set of mn numbers (real or imaginary) arranged in the form of a rectangular array of m rows and n columns is call ped Matrix.

ORDER OF A MATRIX 
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a of order mxn.
a₁₁   a₁₂  a₁₃ ....a₁ⱼ ....a₁ₙ
a₂₁   a₂₂  a₂₃.....a₂ⱼ.....a₂ₙ
 |       |      |         |         |
aᵢ₁    aᵢ₂  aᵢ₃......aᵢⱼ......aᵢₙ
aₘ₁  aₘ₂ aₘ₃ ....aₘⱼ.....aₘₙ]ₘₓₙ
Or A= [aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ, 1≤ i≤ m, 1 ≤ j≤ n, i,j ∈ N

TYPES OF MATRIX 
1. Rectangular matrix : If the number of rows in the columns of a matrix are not equal, then the matrix is called rectangular Matrix, i.e., m≠ n

2. Row Matrix : A matrix containing only one row is called a row matrix. i.e., m= 1

3. Column Matrix: A matrix containing only one column is called a column matrix i.e., n= 1

4. Null or Zero Matrix : If every element of a matrix is zero, then it is called a zero or null matrix.

5. Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called square Matrix p.

6. Diagonal Matrix: A square Matrix in which every non diagonal element is zero is called a diagonal Matrix.

7. Scalar matrix : A square Matrix in which all the elements in the diagonals are equal and rest of the elements are zero is called a scalar matrix.

8. Identity or unit matrix: A square in which each diagonal elements is unity and all other elements are zeros is called a unit matrix. It is denoted by I.

9. Upper triangular matrix : A square Matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zeros is called an upper triangular matrix.

10. Lower triangular matrix: A square Matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zeros is called a lower triangular matrix.

11. Equal matrix : Two matrices are said to be equal if they are of the same order and each element of one matrix is equal to the corresponding element of other matrix.

OPERATION ON MATRICES 

• Matrix addition : Let A= [aᵢⱼ] and B=[bᵢⱼ] be two mxn matrices. Then the sum A+ B of A and B is defined as A+ B= [cᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ , where cᵢⱼ = aᵢⱼ + bᵢⱼ for each i and j.

• Substraction of a matrix : Let A= [aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ and B=[bᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ be two matrices of same order, then the difference A - B of A and B is defined as A - B = A +(- B)= [aᵢⱼ - bᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ for each i and j.

• Negative of Matrix : Let A= [aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ be a matrix, then the negative of the matrix A is defined as the matrix [-aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ and is denoted by - A. Thus negative of a matrix is obtained by making all the elements of the given matrix negative .

• Scalar multiplication of a matrix: Let [aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ be a matrix and k is a scalar, then the Matrix obtained by multiplying the individual element of the matrix A by k is called the scalar multiplication of A by k and is denoted by kA or Ak.

• Multiplication of two matrices : Let A= [aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ and B=[bᵢⱼ]ₙₓₚ be two matrices, then the product AB= C = [cᵢₖ]ₘₓₚ where cᵢₖ = aᵢ₁ b₁ₖ + aᵢ₂ b₂ₖ + ....+ aᵢₙ bₙₖ.


Properties of matrix Addition and Multiplication 
• Commutative law
If A and B are two matrices, then 
A+ B= B+ A and AB ≠ BA 

•Associative law
If A, B and C are three matrices, then 
(A+ B)+ C = A+(B + C) and (AB)C = A(BC(

• Distributive law
A(B+ C)= AB+ AC and (A+ B)C = AC+ BC 

• Existence of Identity
 The null matrix is the identity element for Matrix edition i.e., A+ O = A= O+ A
If A is a square Matrix, then IA = A = AI, where I is identity matrix of same order.

• Existence of inverse :
For every matrix A= [aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ there exists a matrix [-aᵢⱼ] ₘₓₙ denoted by - A, such that A+ (-A)= O= (-A)+ A

• If A is mxn matrix and O is a null Matrix, then
i) Aₘₓₙ Oₙₓₚ = Oₘₓₚ
ii) Oₚₓₘ Aₘₓₙ = Oₚₓₙ 

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX 
• Let A= [aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ matrix. Then the transpose of A, denoted by Aᵀ or A', is an nxm matrix such that Aᵀ=  [aᵢⱼ]ₘₓₙ and i= 1,2,....m and j= 1,2,....,n.
Thus Aᵀ is obtained from A by changing its rows in to columns and its columns into rows.

Properties of Transpose 
• Let A and B be two matrices, then 
i) (Aᵀ)ᵀ= A
ii) (A+ B)ᵀ= Aᵀ + Bᵀ,where A and B being of the same order.
iii) (kAᵀ)= kAᵀ, k  be any scalar (real or Complex)
iv) (AB)ᵀ = BᵀAᵀ , A and B being conformable for product AB . (Reversal law)
v) (ABC)ᵀ= CᵀBᵀAᵀ.


ELEMENTARY OPERATION 
There are six operations (transformations) on a matrix , three of which are due to rows and three due to columns, which are known as alimentary operations or transformations .
i) The multiplication of the elements of any row or column by a non zero number. Rᵢ --> Rᵢ
The corresponding column operation is denoted by Cᵢ --> kCᵢ where k≠ 0
For example, applying R₂ --> (1/4) R₂ to A
A= a₁₁   a₁₂  we get a₁₁      a₁₂
      a₂₁   a₂₂              a₂₁/4  a₂₂/4

ii) The interchange of any two rows or two columns i.e., Rᵢ <---> Rⱼ and Cᵢ <--> Cⱼ.
For example, applying R₁ <--> R₃ to A
     a₁₁   a₂₁   a₁₃               a₃₁   a₃₂   a₃₃
A=a₂₁   a₂₂    a₂₃ we get  a₂₁   a₂₂   a₂₃
     a₃₁   a₃₂    a₃₃               a₁₁   a₁₂   a₁₃

iii) The addition to the elements of any two rows or column, the corresponding elements of any other row or column multiplied by any non-zero number 
i.e., Rᵢ---> Rᵢ + kRⱼ or Cᵢ---> Cᵢ + kCⱼ.
For example applying C₁--> R₁ - kR₂ to A

A= a₁₁   a₁₂  we get a₁₁ - ka₂₁  a₁₂ - ka₂₂
      a₂₁   a₂₂              a₂₁            a₂₂

 
SOME SPECIAL MATRICES 
• symmetric matrix : A square Matrix A= [aᵢⱼ] is called a symmetric matrix if  aᵢⱼ = aⱼᵢ for all i, j.

• Skew-symmetric matrix: A square matrix A= [aᵢⱼ] is a Skew-symmetric matrix if  aᵢⱼ = - aⱼᵢ for all i, j.

• Orthogonal matrix : A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if AAᵀ =AᵀA = I.

• Equivalent matrices: Two matrices A and B are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by a sequence of elementary row transformations .


INVERTIBLE MATRICES 
if A is a square matrix of order n and if there exists another square Matrix B of the same order n, such that AB = BA= I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by A⁻¹.  In that case A is said to be invertible.

Uniqueness of inverse 
Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists , is unique .
Let A=[aᵢⱼ] be a square matrix of order n. If possible, let B and C be two inverses of A.
To show: B= C
Since B is the inverse of A
=> AB= BA = I
Since C is also the inverse of A
=> AC= CA= I
Thus B= BI = B(AC)= (BA)C = IC = C
If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB)⁻¹= B⁻¹A⁻¹.

Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Operation 
To find A⁻¹.using elementary row operations , write A= IA and apply a sequence of row operations on A= IA till we get, I= BA. The matrix B will be the inverse of A. Similarly, if we wish to to find A⁻¹ using column operations , then write A= AI and apply a sequence of colum operations on A= AI till we get, I= AB 




DETERMINANTS 

DEFINITION: Corresponding to each square Matrix A= (aᵢⱼ)ₘₓₙ there is an associated expression , called the determinant of A, denoted by det A or |A|, written as 
|a₁₁   a₁₂  a₁₃ ....a₁ₙ
a₂₁   a₂₂  a₂₃.....a₂ₙ
....    ....   ... ...   ...

aₙ₁  aₙ₂   aₙ₃ ....aₙₙ|ₘₓₙ

• Value of determinant of order 1
Let A= [a] be Matrix of order 1, then determinant A is defined to be equal to a.

•  Value of determinant of order 2

|a₁₁   a₁₂ 
 a₂₁    a₂₂| = (a₁₁ a₂₂ - a₂₁ a₁₂)
 

• Value of a determinant of order 3 or more 
The value of a determinant is the sum of the product of a row (or a column) with their corresponding factors.
So, det A= ⁿᵢ₌₁∑ aᵢⱼ Cᵢⱼ 
 
• Properties of determinant
i) det Iₙ= 1, where Iₙ is unit/identity where unit/identity matrix of order n.

ii) det 0ₙ= 0, 0 is null Matrix (square matrix of any order).

iii) A= (aᵢⱼ)ₙₓₙ  then |A|= |A'| (Reflection Property).

iv) det (AB )= det A . det B, where A & B are matrices of same order.

v) det(kA)= kⁿ det A, if A is of order n x n.

vi) det (Aⁿ)= (det A)any if n ∈ I⁺

vii) |A|= 0 iff
      a) Any two rows or columns are identical.
      b) Any two rows or columns are in proportion.
      c) Each elements of any row/ column is zero.

viii) if each element of a row/column of a determinant is multiplied by k then value of new determinant is k times the original Determinants.

ix) Determinant of a diagonal matrix is the product of its diagonal elements.

x) If two row/columns of a determinant are interchanged, then the determinant retains its absolute value but its sign is changed.

xi) if each element of a row/columns of a determinant is expressed as a sum of two or more terms, then determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.

xii) if any row/column of a determinant, a multiple of another row/column is added, then the value of determinant does not change.

xiii) The sum of product of the elements of any row/column of a determinant with cofactors of the corresponding elements of any other row/ column is zero.


APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS 

• Area the triangle with vertices A(x₁, y₁), B(x₂, y₂) and C(x₃, y₃) is given by 
(1/2) | x₁      y₁     1
            x₂      y₂     1
            x₃      y₃      1

• If area is zero then there points are collinear.


MINORS AND COFACTORS 

• Minor of  aᵢⱼ in |A|: The minor of an element aᵢⱼ in |A| is defined as the value of the determinant obtained by deleting the iᵗʰ row and jᵗʰ column of |A|, and it is denoted by Mᵢⱼ .

• Cofactor of aᵢⱼ in |A|: The cofactor Cᵢⱼ of an element aᵢⱼ is defined as Cᵢⱼ = (-1)ⁱ⁺ʲ Mᵢⱼ.

ADJOINT OF A MATRIX 

• Adjoint of a matrix A= (aᵢⱼ)ₙₓₙ is defined as adj A= [Cᵢⱼ]ₙₓₙ, where 
Cᵢⱼ represents cofactor of aᵢⱼ in |A|.

Properties of Adjoint of a matrix

• For every square matrix
A(adj A)= (adj A)= |A|. I.

• If |A|=0 matrix A is called singular else non singular.

•  if A and B are non singular matrices of the same order, then AB and BA are also non singular matrices of same order.

• (adj AB)= (adj B).(adj A)

• (adj A)' = adj A'.

• let A be n x n matrix, then 
i) |adj A|= |A|ⁿ⁻¹
ii) adj (adj A)= |A|ⁿ⁻²A
iii) |adj (adj A|= |A|(ⁿ⁻¹)^2

INVERSE OF A MATRIX 

A non zero matrix A of order n is said to be invertible if there exists a square matrix B of order n such AB = BA= I. We say A⁻¹= B.

• A matrix A is invertible if |A|≠ 0.

• A⁻¹= 1/|A|.   (adj A).

• If AB= AC => B = C if |A|≠ 0.

• (AB)⁻¹= B⁻¹A⁻⅓.

• (Aᵀ)⁻¹= (A⁻¹)ᵀ.

• If A is an invertible symmetric matrix then A⁻¹ is also symmetric.

SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS

• let AX = B be the given system of equations:
    i) If |A|≠ 0, the system is consistent and has one unique solution.
   ii) If |A|= 0 and (adj A)B ≠ 0, then the system is inconsistent so it has no solution.
   iii) If |A|= 0 and (adj A)B=0, then the system is consistent but has infinitely many solutions. 












TANGENT & NORMAL 

Things to remember:




CIRCLE 

Circle is defined as a local self found in the Cineplex as the distance from a fixed point in the plane is constant the fixed point is called the centre of the circle on the constant distance is called the radius of the circle standard equation of a circle Central forms represent the circle with centre in the radius of the centre is at 007 circle become circle passing through the origin circle touching circle passing through the origin and Central line on the exactis and circle passing to the original Central line on the y-axis general equation the circle is equation of a circle centre in the radius and for a real circle and for the Point Circle and forum in imaginary circle conditions of a circle it is a second degree Celsius equation there is no time containing it contest we are literally constant for the circle refers to write as Centre is under radius equation of a circle when coordinates are pain the point of the time which are position of a point a circle the point lies outside on or inside a circle according circleall the pragmatic position of we write the points are the parameter equation normal atomic count On the circle is a straight line which is perpendicular to the tangent with the curve at the point length of the tangent from to the circle pair of tangent drawn from a point to a given circle is given by circle is similarly for the circle director circle the locus of the point of intersection at 2 perpendicular timing to a given circle is called a director circle is a director circle for circle the condition that to circle should interface area and sufficient condition for the surprise to interested to distinct points is where with the centres with the radii of the two circles external and internal contact of the circles to circle with centre and ready respectively touch each other internallength of an external or direct common time zone or transversal common timing to length of a external on direct common tangent and internal transfer common tangent to the two circle is given by were distance between the centre of the circles are there of the two circles the length of the internal common tangent is always less than length of the external or direct common tangent the direct common timing to circle the transversion common Tangled also meet on the line centre and divided internal on the ratio of the riding chord of the contact of two tangents drawn from to the circle similarly for the circle equation the chord with given midpoint is for the circle equation of the chords with midpoint similarly for the general circle common code the to circle the core joining the points of intersection of two given circle is called their common cause if denote the centre of the given circle then the order radius of the circle length of the perpendicular from the common cause of the circle to circle are safety after 1 time to be circles at either point of section are at right anglecondition for two circles the orthogonal is ID collecting the focus in such a way so that length of tangent drawn from it to the two circles are equal is straight line known as the radical accessed of the given to circles a part 2 circles the radical exercise given by any circle passing through the point of intersection of circle where is constant any circle passing through a point of intersection





PROBABILITY 
Random experiment and operation which can result in any one app its weight outcomes and outcom cannot be predicted its certainty sample space on a sample point the set of all possible outcomes around experimental sample space and is denoted by a brief possible outcomes April point trial and experimental repeat under the similar code does not give the same result it's time a subset sample space setup some possible outcomes a random experiment simple in bank contains only one sample points in banks contains no sample points missed compound more than one sample point complement of an agent contents all the sample point other than those content in event the union and the consist of all points are both the intersection and concerts of all points that are in both and and have a no points in common we write the complement for consist of all the points of not in the sequel like less none of them is expected to occur in preference in othersmutually exclusive events occurrence of one of them precludes are current affairs exhaustiblements performance of the experiment result in occurrence of at least one of them binomial distribution out of independence trials the probability of getting success at least success at most success where is the probability of success and probability classical definition basicap probability for an event is complement in sample space for event for exhaustive banks in a sample space for mutually exclusive a balance in a sample space for mutual exclusive and exhaustive events for an event in sample space the odds in favour where is the complement of the event also against conditional probability the conditional probability of given is independent event events are independent if the reference does not affect each other and also they must be there wise independent total probability in the best theorem in a sample space to be the set of mutual explosion exhaustive set of sample space the total probability of a band is given by the an event of which has already occurred than condition probability of occurrence of any one of the event out of 1 to