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When examining events, people naturally seek to explain why things happened. This search often results in cause and effect reasoning.
Basically, casuality occur when one event is said to make another occur. The cause is the event that makes the other occur; the effect is the event that follows from the cause. Thus, the cause must occur before the effect of the effect always happen at some point of time after the cause.
The Question on cause and effect reasoning are mainly designed to decide on ability to analyse a pair of given statements and to correlate them in terms of cause and effect. Five possibilities may arise:
I) The fact in the first statement is the effect of that mentioned in the second statement i.e. the second statement expresses the cause that leads to the condition mentioned in the first;
II) The contents of the first statement form the direct cause of the result discussed in the second statement;
III) Both the statements express generalized results that may not be backed by any specific cause but may influence certain other factors;
IV) Both the statements are Independent may be explained as effects of a different independent causes;
V) The effects in both the given statements may be caused or triggered by a third and unmentioned event which may thus be called the common cause of the given events.
*** DIRECTIONS: In each of the following questions, two statements numbered I and II are given. There may be cause and effect relationship between the two statements. These two statements may be the effect of the same cause or independent causes. These statements may be independent causes without having any relationship. Read both the statements in each question and mark your answer accordingly.
- Give answer A if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;
- Give answer B if statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect;
- Give answer C if both the statements I and II are independent causes;
- Give answer D if both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes;
- Give answer E if both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.
1) I. The local traders' association urged all its members to close down their shops for a day to protest against the government's new tax policy.
II. Many shopkeepers decided to close down their shops for the day and gave a day off to their employees.
2)
I. The prices of Petroleum products dropped marginally last week.
II. The State Government reduced the tax on petroleum products last week.
3)
I. The University authority has decided to conduct all terminal examinations in March/April every year to enable them to declare results in time.
II. There has been considerable delay in declaring results in the past due to shortage of teachers evaluating the answer sheets of the examination conducted by the University.
4)
I. The staff of Airport authorities called off the strike they were observing in protest against privatisation.
II. The staff of Airport authorities went on strike anticipating a threat to their jobs.
5)
I. Many people visited the religious place during the weekend.
II. Few people visited the religious place during the week days.
Exercise
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** DIRECTIONS: In each of the following questions, two statements numbered I and II are given. There may be cause and effect relationship between the two statements. These two statements may be the effect of the same cause or independent causes. These statements may be independent causes without having any relationship. Read both the statements in each question and mark your answer accordingly.
A) if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect;
B) If statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect;
C) if both the statements I and II are independent causes;
D) if both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes;
E) if both the statements I and II are effects of some common cause.
1)
I. The prices of vegetables have been increased considerably during this summer.
II. There is tremendous increase in the temperature during this summer thereby damaging greatly.
2)
I. Police resorted Lathi charge to disperse the unlawful gathering of large numbers of people.
II. The citizen' forum called a General strike in protest against the police atrocities.
3)
I. It is the aim of the city's civic authority to get the air pollution reduced by 20% in the next two months.
II. The number of asthma cases in the city is constantly increasing.
4)
I. The police authority has recently caught a group of house breakers.
II. The citizens group in the locality have started night vigil in the area.
5)
I. The University Authority has instructed all the colleges under its jurisdiction to ban use of all phone inside the College premises.
II. Majority of the teachers of the college signed a joined petition to the University complaining the disturbance caused by cell phone ringtones inside the classroom.
6)
I. The government has recently fixed the fees for professional courses offered by the unaided Institutions which are much lower than the fees charged last year.
II. The parents of the Aspiring students launched a severe agitation last year protesting against the high fees charged by the unaided institutions.
7)
I. Large number of people living in the low lying areas have been evacuated during the last few days to safer places.
II. The government has rushed in relief supplies to the people living in the affected areas.
8)
I. The performance of most of the students in final exam of class X in the school run by the government was excellent.
Ii. Many teachers of the government schools left the school and joined private schools.
9)
I. Majority of the citizens in the locality belong to higher income group.
II. The sales in the local Supermarket are comparatively much higher than in other localities.
10)
I. There is considerable reduction in the number of people affected by water borne diseases in City A during this rainy season.
II. The government has opened four new Civil Hospital in city A in the beginning of the Year.
11)
I. The literacy rate in the district has been increasing for the last 4 years.
II. the district administration has conducted extensive training programme for the workers involved in the literacy drive.
12)
I. Most of the steel producing companies in the country have made considerable profit during the last financial year.
II. Many Asian countries have been importing huge quantities of Steel from India.
13)
I. Rural and semi-urban areas in the country have been suffering due to load shedding for quite some time.
II. If the government is not able to overcome the power crisis, load shedding will be extended even to the urban areas.
14)
I. The employees of the biggest bank in the country have a given and independent strike called starting from third of the next month.
II. The employee of the Central Government have withdrawn their week long demonstrations.
15)
I. The school authority has asked the X students to attend special classes to be conducted on Sundays.
II. The parents of the Xstudents have withdrawn their words from attending private tuition conducted on Sunday.
16)
I. The farmers have decided against selling their kharif crops to the Government agencies.
II. The government has reduced the procurement price of kharif crops starting from last month to the next six months.
17)
I. The government has decided to make all the information related to primary education available to the general public.
II. In the past, the general public did not have access to all these information related to primary education.
18)
I. There is sharp decline in the production of oil seeds this year.
II. The Government has decided to increase the important quantum of edible oil.
19)
I. The life today is too fast, demanding and a full of a variety in all aspects which at times leads to stressful situations.
II. There is unprecedented increase in the number of young unemployed in comparison to the previous year.
20)
I. There is unprecedented increase in the number of young unemployed in comparison to the previous year.
II. A large number of candidates submitted applications against an advertisement for the post of manager issued by a bank.
21)
I. All the schools in the area had to kept closed for the most part of the week.
II. Many parents have withdrawn their children from the local Schools.
22)
I. There has been a high increase in the incidents of atrocities against women in the city during the past few months.
II. The police authority has been unable to nab the culprits who are committing crime against women.
23)
I. The prices of petrol and diesel in the domestic market have remained unchanged for the past few months.
II. The crude oil prices in the international market have gone up substantially in the last few months.
24)
I. The local Cooperative credit society has decided to stop giving loans to farmers with immediate effect.
II. A large number of credit society members have withdrawn major part of their deposits from the credit society.
25)
I. The Government has imported large quantities of sugar as per trade agreement with other countries.
II. The prices of sugar in the domestic market have fallen sharply in the recent months.
26)
I. India has surpassed the value of tea exports this year over all the earlier years due to an increase in demand for quality tea in the European market.
II. There is an increase in demand of coffee in the domestic market during the last two years.
27)
I. There is increase in water level of all the water tanks supplying drinking water to the city during the last fortnight.
II. Most of the trains were cancelled last week due to water logging on the tracks.
28)
I. Majority of the students in the college expressed their opinion against the college authority's decision to break away from the university and become autonomous.
II. The University authorities have expressed their inability to provide grants to its constituent colleges.
29)
I. The private medical colleges have increased the tuition fees in the current year by 200% over the last year's fees to meet the expenses.
II. The Government Medical Colleges have not increased their fees in spite of price escalation.
30)
I. The Reserve Bank of India has recently put restriction on few small Banks in the country.
II. The small banks in the private and cooperative sector in India are not in a position to withstand the competitions of the bigger in the public sector.
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